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A very easy way is to attach it to a reducing gear, a gear with more teeth. You would choose the radius of the reducing gear like this. If your output is usually 10% above desired speed, we choose $$R_{final}=\frac{R_{initial}}{0.93}$$ Note we did not choose 0.90 because we want to hover near average desired output speed. By just choosing 0.93 we get close ...

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There are multiple things going on here. Your question indicates you have a variable input speed but want a constant output speed. The answer to this on its own would be a continuously variable transmission with a controller that sets the ratio according to the output speed. Any version that has a controllable ratio could be hooked to a simple pid ...

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To my understanding the Hartnell governor is a variation that might be applicable to your needs. Figure : HArtnell Governor source mechoholic Essentially it moves the sleeve against a compression spring (instead of gravity), so - at least in theory - you could turn it upside down.

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Not sure if this exists off the shelf, but what if you installed in line with the spinning gear a device with two weights held in place by springs, which would move outward if the centrifugal force became too high? I believe they also have devices that will declutch the engine if a speed is exceeded, but not sure that is a desired behavior. (https://i.stack....

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