# Stability issues in gateleg table design

This is a table with two wings that fold down, and two legs per side that swing out for support. I'm pretty confident about this design being stable:

The green section at the top is the only surface that remains in place. The vertical green section at the back is another wing on the opposite side, shown folded down. For the yellow wing, the legs are shown fully rotated outward to their stop position.

The total measurement of the surface is 22" (wing) + 6" (stationary section) + 22" (other wing) = 48". The total height is 24".

Here is an alternate design. I would like to find a way to reduce the overall weight and only include one swing-out leg (other wing removed for illustrative purposes):

The swing-out leg is shown here fully extended to its resting position. It would have some kind of ball/socket mechanism to lock in place.

Alternatively, the single leg in the alternate design could swing out from the center to form a T-shaped frame underneath, which is probably more expected:

My question is: how can I calculate this table's stability? I worry that in the second design, there would be stability issues in the corners. I'm an amateur builder and not sure how to go about this.

Oak would be the surface material, with the legs being 1" square steel.

There is a similar table from Crate and Barrel that I can't link to due to being a new user ([A], [B]):

• Just to clarify: the green area of the table folds up to make a large flat table and the two legs seen half-way across the 39" span rotate out to support it (being hinged to the legs at the intersection between the yellow and green area), correct? Are they to rotate 90°, so as to stay aligned with the other legs, or only around 45°, as shown in the second image? How long is the green part of the table (not including the 6")? Please edit your question with this information. – Wasabi May 31 '16 at 23:04
• Correct, the vertically oriented green section at the back is a wing. The green section at the top is the only stationary part of the surface. Should have colored those differently. The legs in the first design are shown fully rotated outward. The leg in the second, alternate design is also fully extended. It would stay diagonal. The other option would be to have it rotate outward from the center, which is probably more expected. Editing now! – Geraldo May 31 '16 at 23:09
• "the single leg in the alternate design could swing out from the center..." With both wings extended, that seems to be a table with a leg in the middle of each side, not a leg at each corner. It should be fairly obvious why you don't see many tables designed like that, except for circular tables where the "corners" are effectively cut away. Even if it it's not literally "unstable", the table top won't be very rigid. – alephzero Jun 1 '16 at 21:10
• Any stiff table with more than 3 legs is going to be wobbly because no ground is perfectly flat. What you want is a table that is just strong enough, lightweight and flexible to conform to the surface placed on. – ja72 Oct 30 '16 at 6:27
• All the single leg swings that I've seen 'in the wild' have had circular tops, which effectively reduces the instability you've noted. Even so, sitting on them in the wrong place would cause them to fall over! – Jonathan R Swift Jan 23 '18 at 13:05

This question is in regards to stability, so that's what I'm going to focus on (as opposed to strength, which would require far more information regarding materials, dimensions and connections).

• Both wings down
• One wing (left or right) up, the other down
• Both wings up

Stability can be measured in three ways: how much horizontal or vertical (upwards or downwards) force is required to tip a structure over.

Without a doubt the most unstable of these configurations is with both wings down. In this case, the table is supported basically only by the four central feet. Obviously, very little horizontal force is required to tip it over on its long side. In fact, the force required is equal to $$F_h = \dfrac{Ww}{2h}$$ where $W$ is the total weight of the table, $w$ is the width of the supports (in this case, 6"), and $h$ is the height of the table. Therefore, we can see that the stability is proportional to the table's weight and to how wide its supporting base is, and is inversely proportional to the table's height.

For downwards vertical loads, the equation is $$F_{v-} = \dfrac{Ww}{2e^-}$$ where $e^-$ is the distance between the farthest point outside of the supports and the nearest support. Given that the feet of the table are basically right on the outer perimeter of the table, the value of $e$ is close to zero, therefore $F_{v-}$ is necessarily quite high.

For upwards vertical loads, the equation is almost the same $$F_{v+} = \dfrac{Ww}{2e^+}$$ but $e^+$ is the distance between the farthest point outside of the supports and the opposing support. $F_{v+}$ is always lower than $F_{v-}$, but arguably also less likely.

These equations can be applied for the other configurations as well. The new legs dramatically increase the value of $w$ in the direction perpendicular to the 39" side, increasing $F_h$.

For downwards vertical loads, the design of those rotating legs matters. If they open as in the first drawing, then that's fine: once again the legs cover basically the entire perimeter of the table, leaving little space to flip the table and therefore requiring a massive load to do so. If it's a single leg swinging to the middle of the wing, then that's more problematic. In one direction (perpendicular to the 39" side), you'll have $e^- = 11''$ (half of 22"). In the other, you'll strictly speaking still be fine due to the main legs, but that will put a lot of strain on the hinges connecting the wings to the main segment (this is the instability you mention "in the corners"). Also, this second design requires at least two hinges per wing, preferably as far as possible from each other.

For upwards vertical loads, the same issues apply to the second design, but to a lesser extent. $e^+$ will equal $6+22=28''$ or $2\times 22+6=50''$ if one or both wings are open, respectively.

The table will topple when the vector sum of all the forces including the weight of table legs and wings fall outside the polygon created by the footprint of legs.

So you need to find the weight of your frame and its CG ( which appears to be at a height of 60% total table height). Then you measure the weights of each wing and find its CG at two positions, tilted down and deployed.

Ultimately you will have a mass M of the table and one set of x,y,z for its coordinates of CG for each configuration.

Now you apply your test load P at any point on the table surface outside the polygon of support traced by its legs. If the resultant sum of {[P, multiplied by its distance from the CG of the table in x-direction and M, multiplied by the table's X coordinated of CG] divided by M + P} is bigger than X of CG, the table will topple under that combination of force and position of force.

If you write a small routine on a spreadsheet and repeat this algorithm with bigger off-center for the position of the load you will obtain a contour line around the legs polygon which delineates what are acceptable safe loads and at what positions. Basically, it would look like the topology of a hillside with a flat pad on top ( the polygon traced by legs) and sloping down from there.