# Concept on two-force member

I have some homework question that i require some help understanding.

1) For the first question highlighted in red (referring to diagram viii), I know for sure that reactions at the supports is dependent on the length a because it determines the magnitude of moment it creates about the support and that it is not dependent on H because it is in the direction of the force(weight P) itself.

However, what I am uncertain about is the cable CE. Is this considered a two-force member in which tension at both ends will cancel each other out, hence varying the length L will not cause the reaction forces at A and B to change?

2) For internal loadings, I am guessing that it will depend on the length L, because for internal loading, we are viewing the forces at the particular point and hence varying the angle of elevation will change the Rx and Ry component of the forces that the point and that it does not cancel out.

And also, is it true that for a two-force member that is in equilibirum, the net translational forces and rotational moment will be 0 throughout the entire segment?

I don't want to take away the opportunity to work out the exact details for yourself, but I'll talk about the thought process I would use to approach these questions, and hopefully that will help clarify things.

Firstly, while I understand that the problem statement says to complete (a) before (b), I think at the point that you're getting stuck, it makes sense to sketch a few free body diagrams. It's part of the learning process, and as you do more and more of them you'll start developing a sort of intuition. My tendency is to run a couple quick 'thought experiments' either in my head or on paper, investigating two extremes. That's some of what I'll be doing below. Bear in mind that there are often multiple valid approaches to arrive at a solution - this is just one possibility.

Idea 1: Dependency of external reactions on structure geometry

1.1 Do external reactions depend on length 'a'?

Perhaps the quickest mental check of this one is to think about...what if 'a' were suddenly set to '2a'...would it change the support reactions? Given that the applied load is unchanged, we certainly can't say the support reactions would also be multiplied by 2. This suggests the support reactions aren't dependent on the numerical value of 'a' but on something else.

Here's a thought experiment that will lead us toward what's really going on. Structure viii is a simply supported beam, so let's first imagine a more straightforward situation. What if we had a simply supported beam with single vertical point load at midspan.

Do we even need to know the quantitative beam length to determine the support reactions? No, we don't. We simply need to know the load is applied at midspan. That is, we need to know the ratio of the beam lengths to the left and right of the load. This is enough to tell us that half the applied load will go to each support. The same principle holds true for instances where the vertical load is offset from midspan. The length ratio (not the lengths themselves) is what determines the simply supported beam reactions. You'll see this when you complete part (b) of the assignment and go through the exercise of solving for the support reactions.

1.2 Do external reactions depend on the vertical position 'H' of the applied load?

You're on the right track with this one. Mathematically I guess it relates to how we can slide a force along its line of action. My first thought is usually the physical intuition that whether I'm holding, say, a can of paint on a 6" string or a 12" string, I've got to support the same vertical load from the can of paint.

1.3 Do external reactions depend on the height 'L' of the vertical member?

At first glance, this one seems like a harder question, but the important thing to remember is that with support reactions we're investigating external equilibrium. For this simply supported beam, we don't need to know what's happening inside the structure to find the external reactions. It's like how for a statically determinate truss, we can find the external reactions without investigating individual truss member forces or worrying about the specifics of truss geometry. So, for structure viii, we can solve for our support reactions using our equations of equilibrium without knowing 'L' at all. As with idea 1.1, this will probably become more apparent when you work through part (b) of the assignment.

Idea 2: Dependency of internal loading on height 'L' of vertical member

Now we're getting into internal equilibrium, so you're correct that the cable geometry matters. If we assume that the cable is continuous and that at the point where the cable connects to the beam, the cable is passing around some sort of frictionless pin - then we can say that the tension, T, at every point in the cable must be the same (and equal to the applied load). Changing height L of the vertical member change the angle of the cable. As you noted, when we hold T constant and vary the cable angle, the x- and y- components of T vary. This means the internal forces in beam segment CD and vertical member DE are also changing.

Idea 3: Two-force members and equilibrium

For any member in static equilibrium (two-force or otherwise) the equations of statics will be satisfied at every point in the structure (including sections cut through a member). That is, $$\Sigma F_x = 0$$, $$\Sigma F_y = 0$$, and $$\Sigma M = 0$$. Satisfying these equations is one way we can determine internal forces (shear, axial, moment) at points along a member.

• Awesome answer - +1 for teaching not just presenting the solution! – Jonathan R Swift Sep 23 '19 at 9:57
• @CableStay I thank you for taking your time to type this well written answer. However I still have some questions I am not certain about. For idea 1.3, is the reactions at the support not dependent on the length L, because the tension on the cable is considered as an internal force? May I know how do we consider something as internal and external? Do we just ignore the tension forces that are happening in the cable? – Axois Sep 23 '19 at 12:39
• @CableStay For Idea 3, is it safe to say that the cable is indeed a two-force member, because the tension forces cancels out internally hence Fx and Fy will be 0 and that sum of moment will also be 0? – Axois Sep 23 '19 at 12:41
• @Axois - for Idea 1.3, I would suggest attempting part (b) where you solve for the support reactions. You will see that for structure viii, the expressions for the support reactions will not be a function of member height L. Determining the support reaction expressions for structure vii versus viii may help illustrate this. – CableStay Sep 23 '19 at 13:14
• @Axois - feel free to write another question (or possibly edit and expand this question) to discuss part (b) of the assignment. If you show us how you're visualizing the FBD, folks can help. Some notes... We can break Structure viii into the frame and cable components, in which case the cable tension would be drawn on the FBDs for both components. But we can solve for the external reactions without breaking it up - and when we stick with the whole structure, the only loads we'd draw on the FBD are the applied load and the support reactions. – CableStay Sep 23 '19 at 13:37