I asked a previous question about pipe t-junctions with pipes of varying diameters, and it got me wondering...
How are losses handled and calculated in pipes with holes drilled directly into them? Flow runs perpendicular to the hole and most of the theory I can see for flow through a pipe exit assumes the pipe and orifice are coaxial. Or for an orifice plate directly in the pipe flow, neither of which seem appropriate.
I'm guessing some theory must exist since common objects like lawn sprinklers contain these pipes with many holes drilled into them. I have been thinking about a pipe with one hole drilled in it of small diameter. Essentially we have a free jet exiting perpendicular to the main pipe flow.