Besides satisfying nominal bar provision in the code, is there any special requirement in the provision of transverse reinforcement to ensure that the longitudinal reinforcement is fully effective in a wide beam design? That is, can I use the full reinforcement area (all bottom bars) to calculate the bending moment capacity of a wide RC beam, provided that all detailing and curtailment requirement is satisfied? Do I have to calculate the transverse reinforcement necessary to confine the longitudinal bars and make them fully effective? Or do I have to consider a reduction using some spread angle from edge of support? For example, in the design of a pile cap with wide pile spacing, using Eurocode or British standard.
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2 Answers
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I can't answer with reference to Eurocode or British Standards, but there is some guidance in official comments to Spanish norm EHE-08. This answer follows comments to article 42.3.1 in page 194, where the following image is taken from.
Rules are for compressed bars and aimed to prevent buckling and therefore they should only apply to the compressed face wide beams. However, bar distribution in wide beams is usually quite symmetrical and then all longitudinal bars get the same confinement.
In short, each compressed longitudinal bar needs to be confined by transversal reinforcement, but if distance between longitudinal bars is less than 15 cm only one on two bars needs to be confined.
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$\begingroup$ Looking at the rest of that item, however, this seems specific to bars under compression and is mostly relevant for columns, not wide beams. $\endgroup$– Wasabi ♦Mar 5, 2017 at 11:36
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$\begingroup$ I edited my answer. You are right that those rules are for bars under compression, but in a wide beams half of the bars are usually under compression. Furthermore in continuous wide bars, what bars are under compression changes in different sections. $\endgroup$– PereMar 5, 2017 at 16:38
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This is a generalized answer to a question in general.
By code, the requirement of stirrups or links is based on shear demand on the cross-sectional area of the wide beam (one-way beam shear), or on the surrounding cross-sectional areas (two-way punching shear) as in flat slabs.
In practice, depending on floor geometry and loading pattern, special concerns may arise over the potential of "stress concentration" over a narrow bend in the wide beam/floor element. Although the pile cap is not a good example (usually wrapped in heavy reinforcement in all directions), it does help to visualize uneven stress distribution on the cross-section. Similar to the T beam, the stress is highest near the pile (as support) and decreases to zero at the free edges. While overall shear capacity is adequate, but the high stress is concentrated in the center that can cause cracks locally; weaken the performance and durability of the continuous pile cap that behaves like a wide beam. So very often the shear reinforcement is utilized to compensate for the high stress in the concrete near the support.
The concept above has carried into the design of the flat slabs. In practice, you might encounter the so-called "embed beam", which is a narrow band of longitudinal reinforcement enclosed in the transverse reinforcement to form a rigid strip that acting similar to a physical beam (without stem). The code takes care of the phenomenon of stress concentration in two way flat slabs (considered as a very wide beam) by specifying the column strip and the interior strip, however, other than one or two-way shear, the transverse reinforcement (for the effects of shear or torsion) is left to the judgment and care of the individual designer/engineer based on the effects of special structural layout, load pattern has had on the durability and appearance of the slab (wide beam).
The stress variation in a wide beam is best visualized through the stress diagrams from a FEM or plate analysis. Often the transverse reinforcement is not mandated by code, but personal judgment and preference, also his/her experiences. Hope this write-up helps.
