# 3D problem to 2D plane problem

I have general problem of understanding how forces are transfered from 3d members problem to plane problem.

For example what would be 2D representation of forces F1 and F2 acting on horizontal A beam, and what will be effect of beam A,B,C,D and column 1 and 2 on horizontal A beam.

How can I represent horizontal beam A in 2D so I can do calculations of bending moment, shear forces etc.

All joints can be considered as welded.

EDIT (After Mr. Wasabis answer)

I can replace influence of force F1 with reactions of beam B

so reactions are influencing horizontal A (beam C and F2 are igonred for simplicity). Is this OK - With moment Ms1 in plane perpendicular to horizontal A causing torsion of horizonta A.

## 2 Answers

This is quite a broad question, but I'll attempt an answer (be sure to read the last section if the rest seems a bit daunting).

For starters, it depends greatly on how true to reality this model you have shown us is. Is it really just a box skeleton with some loads applied or is there a slab or some other plate structure which might help to redistribute the loads?

Also, where are the structure's supports (foundations)? I'm here going to assume they're only beneath the columns.

Let's start by assuming there is no slab and the given model is an adequate representation of the structure, meaning it is a hollow, open box composed purely by beam elements. In this case, $$F1$$ will obviously be supported purely by beam B and $$F2$$, by beam C. These beams will themselves be supported by the "horizontal A" and (unnamed) "horizontal B" beams.

Now, these "horizontal" beams are flexible, since they deform under load. That means that beams B and C must be modelled as if resting on springs instead of rigid supports. Since these "horizontal" beams are of equal length and (I assume) cross-section, however, this ends up not making any difference, so feel free to model the supports as rigid if you wish.

Since all the members are assumed fixed (due to being welded), the torsional stiffness of the "horizontal" bars will create a small rotational stiffness on B and C's supports (which is often ignored, since it's so small).

You then calculate the support reactions for beams B and C and then create models for the "horizontal" beams with those support reactions as applied concentrated forces (including concentrated torsion moments representing the bending moment reactions found in the model for B and C).

Once again the doubt regarding the fixity of the model appears: are the "horizontal" beams pinned or fixed to the foundations beneath the columns? If they're fixed, then we need to know how the foundation behaves:

• Does the foundation behave as a stiff support for rotations, meaning the "horizontal" beams must be modelled as totally fixed? In this case, the support will forbid all of the deformations from the "horizontal" beams, meaning nothing will be transferred to beam A. In this case, beam A is not affected by $$F1$$ and $$F2$$.
• Is the foundation flexible for rotations, meaning the "horizontal" beams must also be modelled as having rotational springs at its supports?

In the latter case or if the "horizontal" beams can be said to be pinned to the supports, then beam A will suffer some internal forces. That's because the "horizontal" beams will have suffer, at their extremities (where A is situated), rotations due to supporting beams B and C, as can be seen here:

Since the loading isn't symmetric, the angle found for each "horizontal" beam at A's supports will be different. This will impose a concentrated torsion on A's extremities. If the loading were perfectly symmetric, with the loads applied at B and C's midspans, then the imposed rotations on A would be the same at both supports, generating no torsion.

The same applies to the torsional rotation suffered by the "horizontal" beams due to being fixed to beams B and C, as described previously. In this case, this will generate bending moment on A (which won't cancel out, even if the loading were symmetric).

Calculating these concentrated torsions and bending moments on A, you can solve for the internal forces.

Now let's look at the case where there is in fact a slab which may help to redistribute the loads.

The loads are applied directly over beams B and C, which will therefore certainly absorb the vast majority of the loads. However, since the beams are elastic (can deform under load), some of the force can be transferred to the remaining beams as well.

Taking a longitudinal cut (parallel to the "horizontal" bars), we can (over)simplify the slab to the following beam (looking at just one of the forces for now):

Depending on the beams' and slab's stiffness, the fraction of redistribution will change. For instance, here are the deformations and reactions for different beam stiffnesses (the latter case is probably more realistic):

This is a drastic oversimplification, ignoring the influence of the "horizontal" beams, which should also get some load redistributed to them. But it shows how some load can get transferred directly to A. That being said, the load would be transformed into a distributed load along A (or a segment of A), but I admit to not being entirely sure how to adequately make that transformation.

Other than this, the possible load-transfer described in the previous section is still possible: apply the fraction of the load that is in fact supported by beams B and C, get the support reactions, send them to the "horizontal" beams, etc.

Having said all this, it is most likely entirely acceptable to assume that beam A will not be in any way affected by forces $$F1$$ and $$F2$$. Whatever transfer there may be, via slab or imposed deformations, will probably be minimal. The examples given above for redistribution via the slab aren't very good. In fact, the proportion is probably closer to a few percentage points being transferred to A at most.

Almost without a doubt, the main thing you'll need to deal with in beam A is the beam's own self-weight (and that of the slab, if it exists).

All diagrams made with Ftool, a free 2D frame analysis tool.

• Thank you for long reposne I will try to undertand it. Influences that I was interestred are on horizontal A but my explanation was not so good. Of coursem there should be suports. In my case it will be suported at top for points of frame (lifting). All conenctions of frame members will be welded (not real life thing just for learning :) ) – Sysrq147 Jul 11 '16 at 16:51
• @Sysrq147: See my edit following your new question. – Wasabi Jul 11 '16 at 20:13
• Thank you Mr. Wasabi for Your help.So in calculation of moments, shear forces and deflections on horizontal A there will not be moment Ms1 or ? – Sysrq147 Jul 11 '16 at 20:24

As a first estimate and assuming all the loads and stresses are below working stress limits and assuming the supports are simple pin connection: Beam A support reactions are $$R1=\dfrac{P_b(l-a) + P_c(b)}{l}$$ where $P_b$ is the reaction of beam B on beam A and $P_c$ is reaction of beam C on beam A and $a$ and $b$ are the distance of the beams $b$ and $c$ from the respective ends of beam $a$.

And the end reactions of beam $b$ or $c$ on beam $a$ are simply Pb = (F1 x distant of F1 to far end of b)/its length.

These are available in any engineering hand book or quick charts. However if we were to consider the welds to be fixed joints then it turns into an indeterminate structure!

there are approximate methods or computer programs available but the significant difference is that you have to have the member properties and loads as a starting point of analysis because then the entire structure comes into action and plays some role in supporting the applied load. i.e. If the beam across from beam a is too stiff and connected to two stiff columns with correct welded connections hypothetically in extreme case it can support the majority of loads and let beam a relieved of most of the load. Beam a can even be removed entirely and beams b and c act cantilever from the other beam!

• Thanks @Wasabi for editing my answer. I use my phone which is not the best tool to write math formatted notes. Majority of structures are indeed indeterminate. I like Hardy Cross's method as a first shot and have created some template spread-sheets. Here is the link to a youtube clip teaching it! Hardy Cross Method – kamran Jul 12 '16 at 22:08